This presentation by Dr. Thomas Craemer will address historical demands for reparations to the Black descendants of the enslaved in the United States and current estimates of the outstanding debt. Dr. Thomas Craemer is an associate professor of public policy at the University of Connecticut. His experience of growing up in Germany shaped his interest in questions of race and racism, as well as his views on reparations. He feels that reparations have potential emotional benefits for both sides, the providers as well as the recipients, and that reparations can facilitate reconciliation. Craemer will address some historical precedents for slavery reparations, albeit in the wrong direction, that is to the descendants of slave owners rather than the enslaved. These historical examples can help us in the design and implementation of future federal reparations policies benefiting the Black descendants of the enslaved in the United States.